Array Types

• If the domain is to be an array, the base type can be any SQL data type except BLOB and array.

• The dimensions of the array are specified between square brackets.

• For each array dimension, one or two integer numbers define the lower and upper boundaries of its index range:

  • By default, arrays are 1-based. The lower boundary is implicit and only the upper boundary need be specified. A single number smaller than 1 defines the range num..1 and a number greater than 1 defines the range 1..num.

  • Two numbers separated by a colon (:) and optional whitespace, the second greater than the first, can be used to define the range explicitly. One or both boundaries can be less than zero, as long as the upper boundary is greater than the lower.

• When the array has multiple dimensions, the range definitions for each dimension must be separated by commas and optional whitespace.

• Subscripts are validated only if an array actually exists. It means that no error messages regarding invalid subscripts will be returned if selecting a specific element returns nothing or if an array field is NULL.

String Types

You can use the CHARACTER SET clause to specify the character set for the CHAR, VARCHAR and BLOB (SUB_TYPE TEXT) types. If the character set is not specified, the character set specified as DEFAULT CHARACTER SET of the database will be used. If the database has no default character set, the character set NONE is applied by default when you create a character domain.

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Warning

With character set NONE, character data are stored and retrieved the way they were submitted. Data in any encoding can be added to a column based on such a domain, but it is impossible to add this data to a column with a different encoding. Because no transliteration is performed between the source and destination encodings, errors may result.

DEFAULT Clause

The optional DEFAULT clause allows you to specify a default value for the domain. This value will be added to the table column that inherits this domain when the INSERT statement is executed, if no value is specified for it in the DML statement. Local variables and arguments in PSQL modules that reference this domain will be initialized with the default value. For the default value, use a literal of a compatible type or a context variable of a compatible type.

NOT NULL Constraint

Columns and variables based on a domain with the NOT NULL constraint will be prevented from being written as NULL, i.e. a value is required.

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Caution

When creating a domain, take care to avoid specifying limitations that would contradict one another. For instance, NOT NULL and DEFAULT NULL are contradictory.

CHECK Constraint(s)

The optional CHECK clause specifies constraints for the domain. A domain constraint specifies conditions that must be satisfied by the values of table columns or variables that inherit from the domain. A condition must be enclosed in parentheses. A condition is a logical expression (also called a predicate) that can return the Boolean results TRUE, FALSE and UNKNOWN. A condition is considered satisfied if the predicate returns the value TRUE or unknown value (equivalent to NULL). If the predicate returns FALSE, the condition for acceptance is not met.

VALUE Keyword

The keyword VALUE in a domain constraint substitutes for the table column that is based on this domain or for a variable in a PSQL module. It contains the value assigned to the variable or the table column. VALUE can be used anywhere in the CHECK constraint, though it is usually used in the left part of the condition.

COLLATE

The optional COLLATE clause allows you to specify the collation if the domain is based on one of the string data types, including BLOBs with text subtypes. If no collation is specified, the collation will be the one that is default for the specified character set at the time the domain is created.

The CREATE DOMAIN statement can be executed by:

• Administrators

• Users with the CREATE DOMAIN privilege

1. Creating a domain that can take values greater than 1,000, with a default value of 10,000.

     |CREATE DOMAIN CUSTNO AS
     |  INTEGER DEFAULT 10000
     |  CHECK (VALUE > 1000);
   

2. Creating a domain that can take the values 'Yes' and 'No' in the default character set specified during the creation of the database.

     |CREATE DOMAIN D_BOOLEAN AS
     |  CHAR(3) CHECK (VALUE IN ('Yes', 'No'));
   

3. Creating a domain with the UTF8 character set and the UNICODE_CI_AI collation.

     |CREATE DOMAIN FIRSTNAME AS
     |  VARCHAR(30) CHARACTER SET UTF8
     |  COLLATE UNICODE_CI_AI;
   

4. Creating a domain of the DATE type that will not accept NULL and uses the current date as the default value.

     |CREATE DOMAIN D_DATE AS
     |  DATE DEFAULT CURRENT_DATE
     |  NOT NULL;
   

5. Creating a domain defined as an array of 2 elements of the NUMERIC(18, 3) type. The starting array index is 1.

     |CREATE DOMAIN D_POINT AS
     |  NUMERIC(18, 3) [2];
   

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   Note

   Domains defined over an array type may be used only to define table columns. You cannot use array domains to define local variables in PSQL modules.

6. Creating a domain whose elements can be only country codes defined in the COUNTRY table.

     |CREATE DOMAIN D_COUNTRYCODE AS CHAR(3)
     |  CHECK (EXISTS(SELECT * FROM COUNTRY
     |         WHERE COUNTRYCODE = VALUE));
   

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   Note

   The example is given only to show the possibility of using predicates with queries in the domain test condition. It is not recommended to create this style of domain in practice unless the lookup table contains data that are never deleted.

See alsoSection 5.3.2, “ALTER DOMAIN”, Section 5.3.3, “DROP DOMAIN”

TO name

Renames the domain, as long as there are no dependencies on the domain, i.e. table columns, local variables or procedure arguments referencing it.

SET DEFAULT

Sets a new default value for the domain, replacing any existing default.

DROP DEFAULT

Deletes a previously specified default value and replace it with NULL.

SET NOT NULL

Adds a NOT NULL constraint to the domain; columns or parameters of this domain will be prevented from being written as NULL, i.e. a value is required.

Adding a NOT NULL constraint to an existing domain will subject all columns using this domain to a full data validation, so ensure that the columns have no nulls before attempting the change.

DROP NOT NULL

Drops the NOT NULL constraint from the domain.

An explicit NOT NULL constraint on a column that depends on a domain prevails over the domain. In this situation, the modification of the domain to make it nullable does not propagate to the column.

ADD CONSTRAINT CHECK

Adds a CHECK constraint to the domain. If the domain already has a CHECK constraint, it has to be deleted first, using an ALTER DOMAIN statement that includes a DROP CONSTRAINT clause.

TYPE

Changes the data type of the domain to a different, compatible one. The system will forbid any change to the type that could result in data loss. An example would be if the number of characters in the new type were smaller than in the existing type.

• If the domain was declared as an array, it is not possible to change its type or its dimensions; nor can any other type be changed to an array type.

• The collation cannot be changed without dropping the domain and recreating it with the desired attributes.

The ALTER DOMAIN statement can be executed by:

• Administrators

• The owner of the domain

• Users with the ALTER ANY DOMAIN privilege

Domain alterations can be prevented by dependencies from objects to which the user does not have sufficient privileges.

1. Changing the data type to INTEGER and setting or changing the default value to 2,000:

     |ALTER DOMAIN CUSTNO
     |  TYPE INTEGER
     |  SET DEFAULT 2000;
   

2. Renaming a domain.

     |ALTER DOMAIN D_BOOLEAN TO D_BOOL;
   

3. Deleting the default value and adding a constraint for the domain:

     |ALTER DOMAIN D_DATE
     |  DROP DEFAULT
     |  ADD CONSTRAINT CHECK (VALUE >= date '01.01.2000');
   

4. Changing the CHECK constraint:

     |ALTER DOMAIN D_DATE
     |  DROP CONSTRAINT;
     | 
     |ALTER DOMAIN D_DATE
     |  ADD CONSTRAINT CHECK
     |    (VALUE BETWEEN date '01.01.1900' AND date '31.12.2100');
   

5. Changing the data type to increase the permitted number of characters:

     |ALTER DOMAIN FIRSTNAME
     |  TYPE VARCHAR(50) CHARACTER SET UTF8;
   

6. Adding a NOT NULL constraint:

     |ALTER DOMAIN FIRSTNAME
     |  SET NOT NULL;
   

7. Removing a NOT NULL constraint:

     |ALTER DOMAIN FIRSTNAME
     |  DROP NOT NULL;
   

See alsoSection 5.3.1, “CREATE DOMAIN”, Section 5.3.3, “DROP DOMAIN”

The DROP DOMAIN statement can be executed by:

• Administrators

• The owner of the domain

• Users with the DROP ANY DOMAIN privilege

Deleting the COUNTRYNAME domain

  |DROP DOMAIN COUNTRYNAME;

See alsoSection 5.3.1, “CREATE DOMAIN”, Section 5.3.2, “ALTER DOMAIN”