Firebird 5.0 Language Reference
Revision History
| 0.5 | 29 September 2023 |
Table of Contents
- Chapter 1. About the Firebird 5.0 Language Reference
- Chapter 2. SQL Language Structure
- Chapter 3. Data Types and Subtypes
- 3.1 Integer Data Types
- 3.2 Floating-Point Data Types
- 3.3 Fixed-Point Data Types
- 3.4 Data Types for Dates and Times
- 3.5 Character Data Types
- 3.6 Boolean Data Type
- 3.7 Binary Data Types
- 3.8 Array Types
- 3.9 Special Data Types
- 3.10 Conversion of Data Types
- 3.11 Custom Data Types — Domains
- 3.12 Data Type Declaration Syntax
- Chapter 4. Common Language Elements
- 4.1 Expressions
- 4.2 Predicates
- 4.2.1 Conditions
- 4.2.2 Comparison Predicates
- 4.2.3 Existential Predicates
- 4.2.4 Quantified Subquery Predicates
- Chapter 5. Data Definition (DDL) Statements
- 5.1
DATABASE - 5.2
SHADOW - 5.3
DOMAIN - 5.4
TABLE- 5.4.1
CREATE TABLE- 5.4.1.1 Character Columns
- 5.4.1.2 Setting a
DEFAULTValue - 5.4.1.3 Domain-based Columns
- 5.4.1.4 Identity Columns (Autoincrement)
- 5.4.1.5 Computed Columns
- 5.4.1.6 Defining an Array Column
- 5.4.1.7 Constraints
- 5.4.1.8
SQL SECURITYClause - 5.4.1.9 Replication Management
- 5.4.1.10 Who Can Create a Table
- 5.4.1.11
CREATE TABLEExamples - 5.4.1.12 Global Temporary Tables (GTT)
- 5.4.1.13 External Tables
- 5.4.2
ALTER TABLE- 5.4.2.1 Version Count Increments
- 5.4.2.2 The
ADDClause - 5.4.2.3 The
DROPClause - 5.4.2.4 The
DROP CONSTRAINTClause - 5.4.2.5 The
ALTER [COLUMN]Clause - 5.4.2.6 Renaming a Column: the
TOClause - 5.4.2.7 Changing the Data Type of a Column: the
TYPEClause - 5.4.2.8 Changing the Position of a Column: the
POSITIONClause - 5.4.2.9 The
DROP DEFAULTandSET DEFAULTClauses - 5.4.2.10 The
SET NOT NULLandDROP NOT NULLClauses - 5.4.2.11 The
COMPUTED [BY]orGENERATED ALWAYS ASClauses - 5.4.2.12 Changing Identity Columns
- 5.4.2.13 Changing SQL Security
- 5.4.2.14 Replication Management
- 5.4.2.15 Attributes that Cannot Be Altered
- 5.4.2.16 Who Can Alter a Table?
- 5.4.2.17 Examples Using
ALTER TABLE
- 5.4.3
DROP TABLE - 5.4.4
RECREATE TABLE
- 5.4.1
- 5.5
INDEX - 5.6
VIEW - 5.7
TRIGGER - 5.8
PROCEDURE - 5.9
FUNCTION - 5.10
EXTERNAL FUNCTION - 5.11
PACKAGE - 5.12
PACKAGE BODY - 5.13
FILTER - 5.14
SEQUENCE(GENERATOR) - 5.15
EXCEPTION - 5.16
COLLATION - 5.17
CHARACTER SET - 5.18 Comments
- 5.1
- Chapter 6. Data Manipulation (DML) Statements
- 6.1
SELECT- 6.1.1
FIRST,SKIP - 6.1.2 The
SELECTColumns List - 6.1.3 The
FROMclause - 6.1.4 Joins
- 6.1.5 The
WHEREclause - 6.1.6 The
GROUP BYclause - 6.1.7 The
WINDOWClause - 6.1.8 The
PLANClause - 6.1.9
UNION - 6.1.10
ORDER BY - 6.1.11
ROWS - 6.1.12
OFFSET,FETCH - 6.1.13
FOR UPDATE [OF] - 6.1.14
WITH LOCK - 6.1.15
OPTIMIZE FOR - 6.1.16
INTO - 6.1.17 Common Table Expressions (
)WITH … AS … SELECT - 6.1.18 Full
SELECTSyntax
- 6.1.1
- 6.2
INSERT - 6.3
UPDATE - 6.4
UPDATE OR INSERT - 6.5
DELETE - 6.6
MERGE - 6.7
EXECUTE PROCEDURE - 6.8
EXECUTE BLOCK
- 6.1
- Chapter 7. Procedural SQL (PSQL) Statements
- 7.1 Elements of PSQL
- 7.2 Stored Procedures
- 7.3 Stored Functions
- 7.4 PSQL Blocks
- 7.5 Packages
- 7.6 Triggers
- 7.7 Writing the Body Code
- 7.7.1 Assignment Statements
- 7.7.2 Management Statements in PSQL
- 7.7.3
DECLARE VARIABLE - 7.7.4
DECLARE .. CURSOR - 7.7.5
DECLARE FUNCTION - 7.7.6
DECLARE PROCEDURE - 7.7.7
BEGIN … END - 7.7.8
IF … THEN … ELSE - 7.7.9
WHILE … DO - 7.7.10
BREAK - 7.7.11
LEAVE - 7.7.12
CONTINUE - 7.7.13
EXIT - 7.7.14
SUSPEND - 7.7.15
EXECUTE STATEMENT - 7.7.16
FOR SELECT - 7.7.17
FOR EXECUTE STATEMENT - 7.7.18
OPEN - 7.7.19
FETCH - 7.7.20
CLOSE - 7.7.21
IN AUTONOMOUS TRANSACTION - 7.7.22
POST_EVENT - 7.7.23
RETURN
- 7.8 Trapping and Handling Errors
- Chapter 8. Built-in Scalar Functions
- 8.1 Context Functions
- 8.2 Mathematical Functions
- 8.2.1
ABS() - 8.2.2
ACOS() - 8.2.3
ACOSH() - 8.2.4
ASIN() - 8.2.5
ASINH() - 8.2.6
ATAN() - 8.2.7
ATAN2() - 8.2.8
ATANH() - 8.2.9
CEIL(),CEILING() - 8.2.10
COS() - 8.2.11
COSH() - 8.2.12
COT() - 8.2.13
EXP() - 8.2.14
FLOOR() - 8.2.15
LN() - 8.2.16
LOG() - 8.2.17
LOG10() - 8.2.18
MOD() - 8.2.19
PI() - 8.2.20
POWER() - 8.2.21
RAND() - 8.2.22
ROUND() - 8.2.23
SIGN() - 8.2.24
SIN() - 8.2.25
SINH() - 8.2.26
SQRT() - 8.2.27
TAN() - 8.2.28
TANH() - 8.2.29
TRUNC()
- 8.2.1
- 8.3 String and Binary Functions
- 8.3.1
ASCII_CHAR() - 8.3.2
ASCII_VAL() - 8.3.3
BASE64_DECODE() - 8.3.4
BASE64_ENCODE() - 8.3.5
BIT_LENGTH() - 8.3.6
BLOB_APPEND() - 8.3.7
CHAR_LENGTH(),CHARACTER_LENGTH() - 8.3.8
CRYPT_HASH() - 8.3.9
HASH() - 8.3.10
HEX_DECODE() - 8.3.11
HEX_ENCODE() - 8.3.12
LEFT() - 8.3.13
LOWER() - 8.3.14
LPAD() - 8.3.15
OCTET_LENGTH() - 8.3.16
OVERLAY() - 8.3.17
POSITION() - 8.3.18
REPLACE() - 8.3.19
REVERSE() - 8.3.20
RIGHT() - 8.3.21
RPAD() - 8.3.22
SUBSTRING() - 8.3.23
TRIM() - 8.3.24
UNICODE_CHAR() - 8.3.25
UNICODE_VAL() - 8.3.26
UPPER()
- 8.3.1
- 8.4 Date and Time Functions
- 8.5 Type Casting Functions
- 8.6 Bitwise Functions
- 8.7 UUID Functions
- 8.8 Functions for Sequences (Generators)
- 8.9 Conditional Functions
- 8.10 Special Functions for
DECFLOAT - 8.11 Cryptographic Functions
- 8.12 Other Functions
- Chapter 9. Aggregate Functions
- Chapter 10. Window (Analytical) Functions
- Chapter 11. System Packages
- Chapter 12. Context Variables
- 12.1
CURRENT_CONNECTION - 12.2
CURRENT_DATE - 12.3
CURRENT_ROLE - 12.4
CURRENT_TIME - 12.5
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP - 12.6
CURRENT_TRANSACTION - 12.7
CURRENT_USER - 12.8
DELETING - 12.9
GDSCODE - 12.10
INSERTING - 12.11
LOCALTIME - 12.12
LOCALTIMESTAMP - 12.13
NEW - 12.14
'NOW' - 12.15
OLD - 12.16
RESETTING - 12.17
ROW_COUNT - 12.18
SQLCODE - 12.19
SQLSTATE - 12.20
'TODAY' - 12.21
'TOMORROW' - 12.22
UPDATING - 12.23
'YESTERDAY' - 12.24
USER
- 12.1
- Chapter 13. Transaction Control
- 13.1 Transaction Statements
- 13.1.1
SET TRANSACTION - 13.1.2
COMMIT - 13.1.3
ROLLBACK - 13.1.4
SAVEPOINT - 13.1.5
RELEASE SAVEPOINT - 13.1.6 Internal Savepoints
- 13.1.7 Savepoints and PSQL
- 13.1.1
- 13.1 Transaction Statements
- Chapter 14. Security
- 14.1 User Authentication
- 14.2 SQL Statements for User Management
- 14.3 SQL Privileges
- 14.4
ROLE - 14.5 Statements for Granting Privileges
- 14.5.1
GRANT- 14.5.1.1 The
TOClause - 14.5.1.2 The
WITH GRANT OPTIONClause - 14.5.1.3 The
GRANTED BYClause - 14.5.1.4 Privileges on Tables and Views
- 14.5.1.5 The
EXECUTEPrivilege - 14.5.1.6 The
USAGEPrivilege - 14.5.1.7 DDL Privileges
- 14.5.1.8 Database DDL Privileges
- 14.5.1.9 Examples of Granting Database DDL Privileges
- 14.5.1.10 Assigning Roles
- 14.5.1.1 The
- 14.5.1
- 14.6 Statements for Revoking Privileges
- 14.7 Mapping of Users to Objects
- 14.8 Database Encryption
- 14.9 SQL Security
- Chapter 15. Management Statements
- Appendix A. Supplementary Information
- Appendix B. Exception Codes and Messages
- Appendix C. Reserved Words and Keywords
- Appendix D. System Tables
- D.1
RDB$AUTH_MAPPING - D.2
RDB$BACKUP_HISTORY - D.3
RDB$CHARACTER_SETS - D.4
RDB$CHECK_CONSTRAINTS - D.5
RDB$COLLATIONS - D.6
RDB$CONFIG - D.7
RDB$DATABASE - D.8
RDB$DB_CREATORS - D.9
RDB$DEPENDENCIES - D.10
RDB$EXCEPTIONS - D.11
RDB$FIELDS - D.12
RDB$FIELD_DIMENSIONS - D.13
RDB$FILES - D.14
RDB$FILTERS - D.15
RDB$FORMATS - D.16
RDB$FUNCTIONS - D.17
RDB$FUNCTION_ARGUMENTS - D.18
RDB$GENERATORS - D.19
RDB$INDEX_SEGMENTS - D.20
RDB$INDICES - D.21
RDB$KEYWORDS - D.22
RDB$LOG_FILES - D.23
RDB$PACKAGES - D.24
RDB$PAGES - D.25
RDB$PROCEDURES - D.26
RDB$PROCEDURE_PARAMETERS - D.27
RDB$PUBLICATIONS - D.28
RDB$PUBLICATION_TABLES - D.29
RDB$REF_CONSTRAINTS - D.30
RDB$RELATIONS - D.31
RDB$RELATION_CONSTRAINTS - D.32
RDB$RELATION_FIELDS - D.33
RDB$ROLES - D.34
RDB$SECURITY_CLASSES - D.35
RDB$TIME_ZONES - D.36
RDB$TRANSACTIONS - D.37
RDB$TRIGGERS - D.38
RDB$TRIGGER_MESSAGES - D.39
RDB$TYPES - D.40
RDB$USER_PRIVILEGES - D.41
RDB$VIEW_RELATIONS
- D.1
- Appendix E. Monitoring Tables
- Appendix F. Security tables
- Appendix G. Plugin tables
- Appendix H. Character Sets and Collations
- Appendix I. License notice
- Appendix J. Document History